"fri" meaning in Old Irish

See fri in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Preposition

IPA: /ɸʲɾʲi/
Etymology: From Proto-Celtic *writ- (compare Welsh wrth, prefix gwrth-), from the zero grade of Proto-Indo-European *wert- (“to turn”) (compare Latin versus (“against”)). Etymology templates: {{root|sga|ine-pro|*wert-}}, {{inh|sga|cel-pro|*writ-}} Proto-Celtic *writ-, {{cog|cy|wrth}} Welsh wrth, {{der|sga|ine-pro|*wert-||to turn}} Proto-Indo-European *wert- (“to turn”), {{cog|la|versus||against}} Latin versus (“against”) Head templates: {{head|sga|preposition}} fri Forms: no-table-tags [table-tags], frimm [first-person, singular], frium [first-person, singular], friumm [first-person, singular], frimsa [emphatic, first-person, singular], friumsa [emphatic, first-person, singular], frit [second-person, singular], fritt [second-person, singular], friut [second-person, singular], friutt [second-person, singular], fritso [emphatic, second-person, singular], fritsu [emphatic, second-person, singular], fris [accusative, error-unrecognized-form, singular], friss [accusative, error-unrecognized-form, singular], frissom [accusative, emphatic, error-unrecognized-form, singular], frissium [accusative, emphatic, error-unrecognized-form, singular], frie [accusative, error-unrecognized-form, singular], frinn [dative, first-person, plural], frinni [dative, emphatic, first-person, plural], frinnai [dative, emphatic, first-person, plural], frib [dative, plural, second-person], fribsi [dative, emphatic, plural, second-person], friu [accusative, plural, third-person], friusom [accusative, emphatic, plural, third-person]
  1. towards, to
    Sense id: en-fri-sga-prep-wqsNSxQL Categories (other): Old Irish prepositions, Old Irish prepositions governing the accusative Disambiguation of Old Irish prepositions: 12 10 9 25 14 29 Disambiguation of Old Irish prepositions governing the accusative: 19 22 2 20 15 21
  2. against
    Sense id: en-fri-sga-prep-pxjj6a76 Categories (other): Old Irish prepositions, Old Irish prepositions governing the accusative Disambiguation of Old Irish prepositions: 12 10 9 25 14 29 Disambiguation of Old Irish prepositions governing the accusative: 19 22 2 20 15 21
  3. with
    Sense id: en-fri-sga-prep-BpW1Y6ze
  4. (governing a verbal noun) about to
    Sense id: en-fri-sga-prep-lqUsNBnl Categories (other): Old Irish prepositions, Old Irish prepositions governing the accusative Disambiguation of Old Irish prepositions: 12 10 9 25 14 29 Disambiguation of Old Irish prepositions governing the accusative: 19 22 2 20 15 21
  5. from (with scaraid (“to separate”) and its compounds and synonyms)
    Sense id: en-fri-sga-prep-9xTCzNxx Categories (other): Old Irish prepositions, Old Irish prepositions governing the accusative Disambiguation of Old Irish prepositions: 12 10 9 25 14 29 Disambiguation of Old Irish prepositions governing the accusative: 19 22 2 20 15 21
  6. with respect to, with regard to, in regard to
    Sense id: en-fri-sga-prep-E1xs8dB1 Categories (other): Old Irish entries with incorrect language header, Old Irish prepositions, Old Irish prepositions governing the accusative Disambiguation of Old Irish entries with incorrect language header: 3 0 0 18 6 73 Disambiguation of Old Irish prepositions: 12 10 9 25 14 29 Disambiguation of Old Irish prepositions governing the accusative: 19 22 2 20 15 21

Inflected forms

Alternative forms

{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "Classical Gaelic",
          "lang_code": "ghc",
          "word": "re"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Irish",
          "lang_code": "ga",
          "sense": "to, towards, against",
          "word": "re"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Manx",
          "lang_code": "gv",
          "word": "rish"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
          "lang_code": "gd",
          "word": "ri"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Middle Irish",
      "lang_code": "mga",
      "word": "fri"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sga",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*wert-"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "root"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sga",
        "2": "cel-pro",
        "3": "*writ-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Celtic *writ-",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cy",
        "2": "wrth"
      },
      "expansion": "Welsh wrth",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sga",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*wert-",
        "4": "",
        "5": "to turn"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *wert- (“to turn”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "versus",
        "3": "",
        "4": "against"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin versus (“against”)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-Celtic *writ- (compare Welsh wrth, prefix gwrth-), from the zero grade of Proto-Indo-European *wert- (“to turn”) (compare Latin versus (“against”)).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "inflection-table-top",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "frimm",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "frium",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "friumm",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "frimsa",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "emphatic",
        "first-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "friumsa",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "emphatic",
        "first-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "frit",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fritt",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "friut",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "friutt",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fritso",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "emphatic",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fritsu",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "emphatic",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fris",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "friss",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "frissom",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "emphatic",
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "frissium",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "emphatic",
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "frie",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "frinn",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "first-person",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "frinni",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "emphatic",
        "first-person",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "frinnai",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "emphatic",
        "first-person",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "frib",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fribsi",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "emphatic",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "friu",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "friusom",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "emphatic",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sga",
        "2": "preposition"
      },
      "expansion": "fri",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "info_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sga",
        "2": "acc",
        "catpos": "prep"
      },
      "expansion": "[with accusative]",
      "extra_data": {
        "tags": [
          "accusative"
        ]
      },
      "name": "+obj"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Old Irish",
  "lang_code": "sga",
  "pos": "prep",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "12 10 9 25 14 29",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Old Irish prepositions",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "19 22 2 20 15 21",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Old Irish prepositions governing the accusative",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "towards, to"
      ],
      "head_nr": 1,
      "id": "en-fri-sga-prep-wqsNSxQL",
      "links": [
        [
          "towards",
          "towards"
        ],
        [
          "to",
          "to"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "12 10 9 25 14 29",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Old Irish prepositions",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "19 22 2 20 15 21",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Old Irish prepositions governing the accusative",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "against"
      ],
      "head_nr": 1,
      "id": "en-fri-sga-prep-pxjj6a76",
      "links": [
        [
          "against",
          "against"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "with"
      ],
      "head_nr": 1,
      "id": "en-fri-sga-prep-BpW1Y6ze",
      "links": [
        [
          "with",
          "with"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "12 10 9 25 14 29",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Old Irish prepositions",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "19 22 2 20 15 21",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Old Irish prepositions governing the accusative",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "about to"
      ],
      "head_nr": 1,
      "id": "en-fri-sga-prep-lqUsNBnl",
      "links": [
        [
          "about to",
          "about to"
        ]
      ],
      "qualifier": "governing a verbal noun",
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(governing a verbal noun) about to"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "12 10 9 25 14 29",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Old Irish prepositions",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "19 22 2 20 15 21",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Old Irish prepositions governing the accusative",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "from (with scaraid (“to separate”) and its compounds and synonyms)"
      ],
      "head_nr": 1,
      "id": "en-fri-sga-prep-9xTCzNxx",
      "links": [
        [
          "from",
          "from"
        ],
        [
          "scaraid",
          "scaraid#Old_Irish"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "3 0 0 18 6 73",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Old Irish entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "12 10 9 25 14 29",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Old Irish prepositions",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "19 22 2 20 15 21",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Old Irish prepositions governing the accusative",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "with respect to, with regard to, in regard to"
      ],
      "head_nr": 1,
      "id": "en-fri-sga-prep-E1xs8dB1",
      "links": [
        [
          "with respect to",
          "with respect to"
        ],
        [
          "with regard to",
          "with regard to"
        ],
        [
          "in regard to",
          "in regard to"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ɸʲɾʲi/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "fri"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Old Irish entries with incorrect language header",
    "Old Irish lemmas",
    "Old Irish prepositions",
    "Old Irish prepositions governing the accusative",
    "Old Irish terms derived from Proto-Celtic",
    "Old Irish terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
    "Old Irish terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *wert-",
    "Old Irish terms inherited from Proto-Celtic",
    "Old Irish terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Pages with 23 entries",
    "Pages with entries"
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "Classical Gaelic",
          "lang_code": "ghc",
          "word": "re"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Irish",
          "lang_code": "ga",
          "sense": "to, towards, against",
          "word": "re"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Manx",
          "lang_code": "gv",
          "word": "rish"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
          "lang_code": "gd",
          "word": "ri"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Middle Irish",
      "lang_code": "mga",
      "word": "fri"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sga",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*wert-"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "root"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sga",
        "2": "cel-pro",
        "3": "*writ-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Celtic *writ-",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cy",
        "2": "wrth"
      },
      "expansion": "Welsh wrth",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sga",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*wert-",
        "4": "",
        "5": "to turn"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *wert- (“to turn”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "versus",
        "3": "",
        "4": "against"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin versus (“against”)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-Celtic *writ- (compare Welsh wrth, prefix gwrth-), from the zero grade of Proto-Indo-European *wert- (“to turn”) (compare Latin versus (“against”)).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "inflection-table-top",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "frimm",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "frium",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "friumm",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "frimsa",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "emphatic",
        "first-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "friumsa",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "emphatic",
        "first-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "frit",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fritt",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "friut",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "friutt",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fritso",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "emphatic",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fritsu",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "emphatic",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fris",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "friss",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "frissom",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "emphatic",
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "frissium",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "emphatic",
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "frie",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "frinn",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "first-person",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "frinni",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "emphatic",
        "first-person",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "frinnai",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "emphatic",
        "first-person",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "frib",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fribsi",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "emphatic",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "friu",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "friusom",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "emphatic",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sga",
        "2": "preposition"
      },
      "expansion": "fri",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "info_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sga",
        "2": "acc",
        "catpos": "prep"
      },
      "expansion": "[with accusative]",
      "extra_data": {
        "tags": [
          "accusative"
        ]
      },
      "name": "+obj"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Old Irish",
  "lang_code": "sga",
  "pos": "prep",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "towards, to"
      ],
      "head_nr": 1,
      "links": [
        [
          "towards",
          "towards"
        ],
        [
          "to",
          "to"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "against"
      ],
      "head_nr": 1,
      "links": [
        [
          "against",
          "against"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "with"
      ],
      "head_nr": 1,
      "links": [
        [
          "with",
          "with"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "about to"
      ],
      "head_nr": 1,
      "links": [
        [
          "about to",
          "about to"
        ]
      ],
      "qualifier": "governing a verbal noun",
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(governing a verbal noun) about to"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "from (with scaraid (“to separate”) and its compounds and synonyms)"
      ],
      "head_nr": 1,
      "links": [
        [
          "from",
          "from"
        ],
        [
          "scaraid",
          "scaraid#Old_Irish"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "with respect to, with regard to, in regard to"
      ],
      "head_nr": 1,
      "links": [
        [
          "with respect to",
          "with respect to"
        ],
        [
          "with regard to",
          "with regard to"
        ],
        [
          "in regard to",
          "in regard to"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ɸʲɾʲi/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "fri"
}

Download raw JSONL data for fri meaning in Old Irish (5.0kB)

{
  "called_from": "page/1713/20221215",
  "msg": "later head without list of senses,template node #, fri/Old Irish",
  "path": [
    "fri"
  ],
  "section": "Old Irish",
  "subsection": "preposition",
  "title": "fri",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/735",
  "msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Person:'",
  "path": [
    "fri"
  ],
  "section": "Old Irish",
  "subsection": "preposition",
  "title": "fri",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/735",
  "msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'third m or n'",
  "path": [
    "fri"
  ],
  "section": "Old Irish",
  "subsection": "preposition",
  "title": "fri",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/735",
  "msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'third m or n'",
  "path": [
    "fri"
  ],
  "section": "Old Irish",
  "subsection": "preposition",
  "title": "fri",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/735",
  "msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'third f'",
  "path": [
    "fri"
  ],
  "section": "Old Irish",
  "subsection": "preposition",
  "title": "fri",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/735",
  "msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'third f'",
  "path": [
    "fri"
  ],
  "section": "Old Irish",
  "subsection": "preposition",
  "title": "fri",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "page/1896",
  "msg": "Template nesting error: template_nesting = 1 couldn't split inflection templates, fri/Old Irish section inflection",
  "path": [
    "fri"
  ],
  "section": "Old Irish",
  "subsection": "preposition",
  "title": "fri",
  "trace": ""
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Old Irish dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-08-20 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-08-05 using wiktextract (872fc7b and 4deed51). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.